Where was Black Hawk Down made

Black Hawk Down

When talking about war movies, there are many great ones that immediately spring to mind. Since the 70's, three of them have formed a bit of a holy trinity: Francis Ford Coppola's Apocalypse Now, Stanley Kubrick's Full Metal Jacket, and Steven Spielberg's Saving Private Ryan. These three movies have set the bar for all other war movies that have come along since then. When it was announced that Gladiator director, Ridley Scott, would be adapting Mark Bowden's book, Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War, filmgoers knew that they would be in for a treat.For whatever reason, I don't remember hearing much about the civil war in Somalia or about the Battle of Mogadishu on which Black Hawk Down is based. The plan seemed simple enough: the Army is sent into Somalia by the government to try to put an end to the Civil War. On October 3, 1993, a group of them were sent on a quick mission to capture the Somali warlord that had been running the country with an iron fist. It didn't take long for the operation to go completely FUBAR as two Black Hawk helicopters were shot down. Things went from bad to worse, as the Rangers found themselves surrounded by thousands of armed Somalis, whose only goal was to shoot any American soldier that invaded their space. After "stirring up the hornet's nest", the mission becomes a desperate attempt to maintain the Rangers motto, "Leave No Man Behind".Needless to say, Ridley Scott has made the ultimate war movie with Black Hawk Down. Unlike some war films that temper the battle with slower character-building sequences, you have to wait only thirty minutes for the Rangers' mission to go into effect. And the action doesn't stop for the next two hours, as the rest of the movie is filled with flying bullets, explosions and bloodshed. The fighting is so chaotic that it is hard to follow the action and tell what is happening, at times, and it becomes almost too easy to become desensitized to the violence. By the third time someone yells "RPG's!" though, the entire audience knows to duck and cover their ears.While the American soldiers go in with a solid plan, it doesn't take long for panic to set in, and pretty soon, you're not sure which side is more disorganized. It's amazing to watch what seems like thousands of extras playing the Somali militia swarming over the soldiers, and the action and camerawork is reminiscent of a video game as the soldiers try to escape their precarious situation through the streets of Mogadishu. As the movie progresses, the tension continues to build as the grim and unrelenting hopelessness of the situation sets in both for the soldiers and the viewer.It's pretty amazing how much has been made of the 19 downed American soldiers when over 1000 Somali men, women, and children were killed during the raid. While the movie is clearly weighed towards the American perspective, I can't imagine how it must have felt to be the guy who gets to play "Dead Somali with a Gun #354".Although characterization has always been used extensively in war movies to get the viewer to care about the characters, Black Hawk Down works better because, for the most part, the soldiers are personified as little more than grunts in the field doing the bidding of their superiors. At least the soldiers had their names taped to their helmets, so that this didn't have the problem of some war movies, where it's sometimes hard to tell who is who. Some of the best performances of the film come from Tom Sizemore as the gung-ho Lt. McKnight and Josh Hartnett, who plays the sergeant who leads the mission and feels personal guilt every time a man is lost. Sam Shepard also is excellent as Major General William Garrison, who sits back in the safe zone watching his doomed men be overpowered by the enemy. Eric Bana's part is small, but he has some of the best lines in the film, really driving home the point of why soldiers do what they do. Ewan McGregor's role is even more minor and insignificant, but his Trainspotting compatriot, Ewen Bremner offers the movie's little bit of comic relief.As expected in a Ridley Scott film, the visuals and camerawork are stunning with the movie having a gray almost monochromatic look that makes the orange flames and red blood really stand out. As is typical in Scott's recent movies, there is lots of flying dust, rubble and debris mixed with slow motion shots of falling bullet casings and splattered blood. He also uses animals and non-military personnel well in some of the shots to show that this firefight is happening in the middle of a populated market district.A big deal has been made out of the blood and gore in Black Hawk Down, but what is any true war movie without it? Though most of the graphic violence on display is not far beyond Saving Private Ryan, there is at least one visceral sequence that will make most people squeamish, unless they watch those operation shows on The Learning Channel for entertainment. Black Hawk Down is quite an achievement in creating a realistic representation of an event in recent history. Most of this movie leaves the viewer aghast and incredulous of what they're watching, and it's hard to believe that something like this could possibly happen. Technically, this movie is an amazing feat that gives the viewer one of the most realistic impressions of what it would feel like to be in the middle of a war, which makes the atrocities of the event seem all the more real.In a genre that has brought out some of the best in directors and actors, Black Hawk Down is easily the best war movie ever made, and it has replaced A Beautiful Mind as my candidate for Best Picture and Director.Rating: 10 out of 10

Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk

Series of military utility transport helicopters

This article is about the Sikorsky S-70 family's US Army military versions and their operators. For USAF variants, see

Sikorsky HH-60 Pave Hawk

. For an overview of the S-70 family and for its civilian models and operators, see

Sikorsky S-70

.

The Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk is a four-blade, twin-engine, medium-lift utility military helicopter manufactured by Sikorsky Aircraft. Sikorsky submitted the S-70 design for the United States Army's Utility Tactical Transport Aircraft System (UTTAS) competition in 1972. The Army designated the prototype as the YUH-60A and selected the Black Hawk as the winner of the program in 1976, after a fly-off competition with the Boeing Vertol YUH-61.

Named after the Native American war leader Black Hawk, the UH-60A entered service with the U.S. Army in 1979, to replace the Bell UH-1 Iroquois as the Army's tactical transport helicopter. This was followed by the fielding of electronic warfare and special operations variants of the Black Hawk. Improved UH-60L and UH-60M utility variants have also been developed. Modified versions have also been developed for the U.S. Navy, Air Force, and Coast Guard. In addition to U.S. Army use, the UH-60 family has been exported to several nations. Black Hawks have served in combat during conflicts in Grenada, Panama, Iraq, Somalia, Ukraine, the Balkans, Afghanistan, and other areas in the Middle East.

Major variants include the Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk used for naval purposes, Sikorsky HH-60 Pave Hawk for combat search and rescue, and many other types and upgrades including various export, VIP, special operation types. Various upgrades have taken place over the years and the latest version is the UH-60M.

Development[edit]

Initial requirement[edit]

In the late 1960s, the United States Army began forming requirements for a helicopter to replace the UH-1 Iroquois, and designated the program as the Utility Tactical Transport Aircraft System (UTTAS). The Army also initiated the development of a new, common turbine engine for its helicopters that would become the General Electric T700. Based on experience in Vietnam, the Army required significant performance, survivability and reliability improvements from both UTTAS and the new powerplant.^[2] The Army released its UTTAS request for proposals (RFP) in January 1972.^[3] The RFP also included air transport requirements. Transport within the C-130 limited the UTTAS cabin height and length.^[4]

The UTTAS requirements for improved reliability, survivability and lower life-cycle costs resulted in features such as dual-engines with improved hot and high altitude performance, and a modular design (reduced maintenance footprint); run-dry gearboxes; ballistically tolerant, redundant subsystems (hydraulic, electrical and flight controls); crashworthy crew (armored) and troop seats; dual-stage oleo main landing gear; ballistically tolerant, crashworthy main structure; quieter, more robust main and tail rotor systems; and a ballistically tolerant, crashworthy fuel system.^[5]

Four prototypes were constructed, with the first YUH-60A flying on 17 October 1974. Prior to the delivery of the prototypes to the US Army, a preliminary evaluation was conducted in November 1975 to ensure the aircraft could be operated safely during all testing.^[6] Three of the prototypes were delivered to the Army in March 1976, for evaluation against the rival Boeing-Vertol design, the YUH-61A, and one was kept by Sikorsky for internal research. The Army selected the UH-60 for production in December 1976. Deliveries of the UH-60A to the Army began in October 1978 and the helicopter entered service in June 1979.^[7]

Upgrades and variations[edit]

After entering service, the helicopter was modified for new missions and roles, including mine laying and medical evacuation. An EH-60 variant was developed to conduct electronic warfare and special operations aviation developed the MH-60 variant to support its missions.^[8]

Due to weight increases from the addition of mission equipment and other changes, the Army ordered the improved UH-60L in 1987. The new model incorporated all of the modifications made to the UH-60A fleet as standard design features. The UH-60L also featured more power and lifting capability with upgraded T700-GE-701C engines and an improved gearbox, both from the SH-60B Seahawk.^[9] Its external lift capacity increased by 1,000lb (450kg) up to 9,000lb (4,100kg). The UH-60L also incorporated the SH-60B's automatic flight control system (AFCS) for better flight control with more powerful engines.^[10] Production of the L-model began in 1989.^[9]

Development of the next improved variant, the UH-60M, was approved in 2001, to extend the service life of the UH-60 design into the 2020s. The UH-60M incorporates upgraded T700-GE-701D engines, improved rotor blades, and state-of-the-art electronic instrumentation, flight controls and aircraft navigation control. After the U.S. DoD approved low-rate initial production of the new variant,^[11] manufacturing began in 2006,^[12] with the first of 22 new UH-60Ms delivered in July 2006.^[13] After an initial operational evaluation, the Army approved full-rate production and a five-year contract for 1,227 helicopters in December 2007.^[14] By March 2009, 100 UH-60M helicopters had been delivered to the Army.^[15] In November 2014, the US military ordered 102 aircraft of various H-60 types, worth $1.3 billion.^[16]

Following their use in the operation to kill Osama bin Laden in May 2011, it emerged that the 160th SOAR used a secret version of the UH-60 modified with low-observable technology which enabled it to evade Pakistani radar. Analysis of the tail section, the only remaining part of the aircraft which crashed during the operation,^[17][18] revealed extra blades on the tail rotor and other noise reduction measures, making the craft much quieter than conventional UH-60s. The aircraft appeared to include features like special high-tech materials, harsh angles, and flat surfaces found only in stealth jets.^{[Nb 1][19]} Low observable versions of the Black Hawk have been studied as far back as the mid-1970s.^[20]

In September 2012, Sikorsky was awarded a Combat Tempered Platform Demonstration (CTPD) contract to further improve the Black Hawk's durability and survivability. The company is to develop new technologies such as a zero-vibration system, adaptive flight control laws, advanced fire management, a more durable main rotor, full-spectrum crashworthiness, and damage-tolerant airframe; then they are to transition them to the helicopter. Improvements to the Black Hawk are to continue until the Future Vertical Lift program is ready to replace it.^[21][22]

In December 2014, the 101st Airborne Division began testing new resupply equipment called the Enhanced Speed Bag System (ESBS). Soldiers in the field requiring quick resupply have depended on speed bags filled with items airdropped from a UH-60. However, all systems were ad hoc with bags not made to keep objects secure from impacts, so up to half of the airdropped items would be damaged upon hitting the ground. Started in 2011, the ESBS sought to standardize the airdrop resupply method and keep up to 90 percent of supplies intact. The system includes a hands-free reusable linear brake and expendable speed line and a multipurpose cargo bag. When the bag is deployed, the brake applies friction to the rope, slowing it down enough to keep the bag oriented down on the padded base, a honeycomb and foam kit inside to dissipate energy.^[23][24][25]

The ESBS better protects helicopter-dropped supplies, and allows the Black Hawk to fly higher above the ground, 100ft (30m) up from 10 feet, while travelling 20 knots (23mph; 37km/h), limiting exposure to ground fire. Each bag can weigh 125200lb (5791kg) and up to six can be deployed at once, dropping at 4050 feet per second (1215m/s). Since supplies can be delivered more accurately and the system can be automatically released on its own, the ESBS can enable autonomous resupply from unmanned helicopters.^[23][24][25]

The UH-60 features four-blade main and tail rotors, and is powered by two General Electric T700 turboshaft engines.^[26] The main rotor is fully articulated and has elastomeric bearings in the rotor head. The tail rotor is canted and features a rigid crossbeam.^[27] The helicopter has a long, low profile shape to meet the Army's requirement for transporting aboard a C-130 Hercules, with some disassembly.^[26] It can carry 11 troops with equipment, lift 2,600 pounds (1,200kg) of cargo internally or 9,000 pounds (4,100kg) of cargo (for UH-60L/M) externally by sling.^[14]

The Black Hawk helicopter series can perform a wide array of missions, including the tactical transport of troops, electronic warfare, and aeromedical evacuation. A VIP version known as the VH-60N is used to transport important government officials (e.g., Congress, Executive departments) with the helicopter's call sign of "Marine One" when transporting the President of the United States.^{[citation needed]} In air assault operations, it can move a squad of 11 combat troops or reposition a 105mm M119 howitzer with 30 rounds ammunition and a four-man crew in a single lift.^[14][28] The Black Hawk is equipped with advanced avionics and electronics for increased survivability and capability, such as the Global Positioning System.

The UH-60 can be equipped with stub wings at the top of the fuselage to carry fuel tanks or various armaments. The initial stub wing system is called External Stores Support System (ESSS).^[29] It has two pylons on each wing to carry two 230USgal (870L) and two 450USgal (1,700L) tanks in total.^[10] The four fuel tanks and associated lines and valves form the external extended range fuel system (ERFS).^{[citation needed]} U.S. Army UH-60s have had their ESSS modified into the crashworthy external fuel system (CEFS) configuration, replacing the older tanks with up to four total 200USgal (760L) crashworthy tanks along with self-sealing fuel lines.^[30] The ESSS can also carry 10,000lb (4,500kg) of armament such as rockets, missiles and gun pods.^[10][31] The ESSS entered service in 1986. However, it was found that the four fuel tanks obstruct the field of fire for the door guns; thus, the external tank system (ETS), carrying two fuel tanks on the stub wings, was developed.^[10]

The unit cost of the H-60 models varies due to differences in specifications, equipment and quantities. For example, the unit cost of the Army's UH-60L Black Hawk is $5.9million while the unit cost of the Air Force HH-60G Pave Hawk is $10.2million.^{[citation needed]}

Operational history[edit]

The UH-60 Black Hawk is in service with 35 different countries as of 2024.^[32]

Australia[edit]

Australia bought early model UH-60 in the 1980s, and is buying a fleet of newer versions ones in the 2020s:Australia ordered fourteen S-70A-9 Black Hawks in 1986 and an additional twenty-five Black Hawks in 1987.^[33][34] The first US-produced Black Hawk was delivered in 1987 to the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF).^[33] de Havilland Australia produced thirty-eight Black Hawks under license from Sikorsky in Australia delivering the first in 1988 and the last in 1991.^[35][33] In 1989, the RAAF's fleet of Black Hawks was transferred to the Australian Army.^[33][36] The Black Hawks saw operational service in Cambodia, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, East Timor and Pakistan.^[37]

In April 2009, the then-defence chief Air Chief Marshal Angus Houston, told the government not to deploy Black Hawks to Afghanistan as at the time they "lacked armor and self-defense systems", and despite an upgrade to address this underway, it was more practical to use allies' helicopters.^[38][39] In 2004, the government selected the Multi-Role Helicopter (MRH-90) Taipan, a variant of the NHIndustries NH90, to replace the Black Hawk even though the Department of Defence had recommended the S70M Black Hawk.^[40]

In January 2014, the Army began retiring the fleet of 34 Black Hawks from service (five had been lost in accidents) and had planned for this to be completed by June 2018.^[42] The Chief of Army delayed the retirement of 20 Black Hawks until 2021 to enable the Army to develop a special operations role capable MRH-90.^[43][44] On 10 December 2021, the S-70A-9 Black Hawks were retired from service.^[45] On the same day, amid issues with the performance of the MRH-90s the government announced that they would be replaced by UH-60M Black Hawks.^[45][46] In January 2023, the Army announced the acquisition of 40 UH-60Ms with deliveries commencing in 2023.^[47]

Brazil received four UH-60L helicopters in 1997, for the Brazilian Army peacekeeping forces. It received six UH-60Ls configured for special forces, and search and rescue uses in 2008. It ordered ten more UH-60Ls in 2009; deliveries began in March 2011.^[48]

In December 1983, examples of the Aerospatiale AS-332 Super Puma, Bell 214ST SuperTransport and Sikorsky S-70A-5 (N3124B) were airlifted to Lhasa for testing. These demonstrations included take-offs and landings at altitudes to 17,000 feet (5,200m) and en route operations to 24,000 feet (7,300m). At the end of this testing, the People's Liberation Army purchased 24 S-70C-2s, equipped with more powerful GE T700-701A engines for improved high-altitude performance.^[49] While designated as civil variants of the S-70 for export purposes, they are operated by the People's Liberation Army Aviation units.

Colombia[edit]

Colombia first received UH-60s from the United States in 1987. The Colombian National Police, Colombian Aerospace Force, and Colombian Army use UH-60s to transport troops and supplies to places which are difficult to access by land for counter-insurgency (COIN) operations against drug and guerrilla organizations, for search and rescue, and for medical evacuation. Colombia also operates a militarized gunship version of the UH-60, with stub wings, locally known as Arpa (English: Harpy).^[50][51]

The Colombian Army became the first worldwide operator of the S-70i with Terrain Awareness and Warning Capability (HTAWS) after taking delivery of the first two units on 13 August 2013.^[52]

The Israeli Air Force (IAF) received 10 surplus UH-60A Black Hawks from the United States in August 1994.^[53] Named Yanshuf (English: Owl) by the IAF,^[54] the UH-60A began replacing Bell 212 utility helicopters.^[53] The IAF first used the UH-60s in combat during 1996 in southern Lebanon^[53] in Operation Grapes of Wrath against Hezbollah.

The Mexican Air Force ordered its first two UH-60Ls in 1991 to transport special forces units, and another four in 1994.^[55] In July and August 2009, the Federal Police used UH-60s in attacks on drug traffickers.^[56][57] In August 2011, the Mexican Navy received three upgraded and navalized UH-60M.^[58] On 21 April 2014, the U.S. State Department approved the sale of 18 UH-60Ms to Mexico pending approval from Congress.^[59] In September 2014, Sikorsky received a $203.6 million (~$258million in 2023) firm-fixed-price contract modification for the 18 UH-60 designated for the Mexican Air Force.^[60]

Philippines[edit]

2 S-70-A5 VIP helicopters purchased 1983 and was delivered in 1984, this Blackhawk served the 250th PAW for more than 3 decades as a Presidential VVIP transport helicopter. Only 1 remains in service with the 505th Search and Rescue Group.^[61]

In March 2019, the Philippines' Department of National Defense (DND) signed a contract worth US$241.4 million (~$284million in 2023) with Lockheed Martin's Polish subsidiary PZL Mielec for 16 Sikorsky S-70i Black Hawks to the PAF.^[62] On 10 December 2020, the PAF commissioned their first batch of six S-70i Blackhawks, with the remaining 10 to be delivered in 2021.^[63] In June 2021, the air service received a second batch of five helicopters.^[64] In November 2021, the third batch of five arrived.^[65]

On 22 February 2022, DND and PZL Mielec formally signed the US$624 million contract for 32 additional S-70i Black Hawks,^[66] totalling to around 48 units ordered.^[67] This will make the Philippine Air Force the largest user of S-70i Blackhawk Helicopters globally.^[68]

In January 2019, Poland ordered four S-70i Black Hawks with four delivered to the Polish Special Forces in December of that same year.^[69] Another four S-70i helicopters are on order with two scheduled for delivery in 2023 and two in 2024.^[69] In July 2023, Poland launched a procurement tender for S-70i Black Hawks with a goal to order approximately 32 helicopters.^[70]

Slovakia[edit]

In February 2015, the U.S. State Department approved a possible Foreign Military Sale of nine UH-60Ms with associated equipment and support to Slovakia and sent it to Congress for its approval.^[71][72] In April 2015, Slovakia's government approved the procurement of nine UH-60Ms along with training and support.^[73][74] In September 2015, Slovakia ordered four UH-60Ms.^[75] The first two UH-60Ms were delivered in June 2017; the Slovak Air Force had received all nine UH-60Ms by January 2020. These are to replace its old Soviet Mil Mi-17s.^[76][77][78] In 2020, the Slovak minister of defense announced Slovakia's interest in buying two more UH-60Ms.^[79]

Slovak Training Academy from Koice, a private company, operates four older UH-60As for new pilot training.^[80]

Sweden requested 15 UH-60M helicopters by Foreign Military Sale in September 2010.^[81] The UH-60Ms were ordered in May 2011, and deliveries began in January 2012.^[82] In March 2013, Swedish ISAF forces began using Black Hawks in Afghanistan for MEDEVAC purposes.^[83] The UH-60Ms have been fully operational since 2017.^[84] Sweden designates it Helicopter 16, Hkp 16

Taiwan (Republic of China) operated S-70C-1/1A after the Republic of China Air Force received ten S-70C-1A and four S-70C-1 Bluehawk helicopters in June 1986 for Search and Rescue.^[85] Four more S-70C-6s were received in April 1998. The ROC Navy received the first of ten S-70C(M)-1s in July 1990. 11 S-70C(M)-2s were received beginning April 2000.^[86] In January 2010, the US announced approval for a Foreign Military Sale of 60 UH-60Ms to Taiwan^[87] with 30 designated for the Army, 15 for the National Airborne Service Corps (including the one that crashed off Orchid Island in 2018) and 15 for the Air Force Rescue Group (including the one that crashed 2 January 2020).^[88]

Turkey has operated the UH-60 during NATO deployments to Afghanistan and the Balkans. The UH-60 has also been used in counter-terror/internal security operations.^{[citation needed]}

The Black Hawk competed against the AgustaWestland AW149 in the Turkish General Use Helicopter Tender, to order up to 115 helicopters and produce many of them indigenously, with Turkish Aerospace Industries responsible for final integration and assembly.^[89][90] On 21 April 2011, Turkey announced the selection of Sikorsky's T-70.^[91][92][93]

In the course of the coup d'tat attempt in Turkey on 15 July 2016, eight Turkish military personnel of various ranks landed in Greece's northeastern city of Alexandroupolis on board a Black Hawk helicopter and claimed political asylum in Greece.^[94] The helicopter was returned to Turkey shortly thereafter.^[95]

Ukraine[edit]

In February 2023, Ukraine's Main Directorate of Intelligence (HUR) published a video showing them operating at least two UH-60s painted in Ukrainian colors.^[96] The helicopters appeared to have minimal modifications, namely the addition of two M240 7.62 mm machine guns for defensive purposes.^[96] It was confirmed that at least one of these was purchased by a third party, Ace Aeronautics, following a Czech crowdfunding effort that raised US$6 million.^[97] On 17 March 2024, Russia claimed to have shot down a UH-60 during the 2024 western Russia incursion, claiming it was a "troop transport" carrying 20 troops into combat. However, it was revealed to be a Mil Mi-8 instead.^[98]

United States[edit]

The UH-60 entered service with the U.S. Army's 101st Combat Aviation Brigade of the 101st Airborne Division in June 1979.^[99] The U.S. military first used the UH-60 in combat during the invasion of Grenada in 1983, and again in the invasion of Panama in 1989. During the Gulf War in 1991, the UH-60 participated in the largest air assault mission in U.S. Army history with over 300 helicopters involved. Two UH-60s (89-26214 and 7823015) were shot down, both on 27 February 1991, while performing Combat Search and Rescue of other downed aircrews, an F-16C pilot and the crew of a MEDEVAC UH-1H that were shot down earlier that day.^[100]

In 1993, Black Hawks featured prominently in the Battle of Mogadishu in Somalia. Black Hawks also saw action in the Balkans and Haiti in the 1990s.^[10] U.S. Army UH-60s and other helicopters conducted many air assaults and other support missions during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The UH-60 has continued to serve in operations in Afghanistan and Iraq.^[10]

Customs and Border Protection Office of Air and Marine (OAM) uses the UH-60 in its operations specifically along the southwest border. The Black Hawk has been used by OAM to interdict illegal entry into the U.S. Additionally, OAM regularly uses the UH-60 in search and rescue operations.

Highly modified H-60s were employed during the U.S. Special Operations mission that resulted in the death of Osama bin Laden during Operation Neptune Spear on 1 May 2011.^[19][101] One such MH-60 helicopter crash-landed during the operation and was destroyed by the team before it departed in the other MH-60 and a backup MH-47 Chinook with bin Laden's remains. Two MH-47s were used for the mission to refuel the two MH-60s and as backups.^[102] News media reported that the Pakistani government granted the Chinese military access to the wreckage of the crashed 'stealth' UH-60 variant in Abbottabad;^{[103][104][105]} Pakistan and China denied the reports,^[103][104] and the U.S. government has not confirmed Chinese access.^[104]

In United States service, the Army plans to eventually replace it with a tilt-rotor, the V-280 Valor; In December 2022, the V-280 was chosen by the US Army as the winner of the Future Long-Range Assault Aircraft program to replace UH-60 Blackhawk in the Army service.^[106][107] (that does not mean all UH-60 variants will be replaced, its for the Army version)

Additional users[edit]

The United Arab Emirates requested 14 UH-60M helicopters and associated equipment in September 2008, through Foreign Military Sale.^[108] It had received 20 UH-60Ls by November 2010.^[109] Bahrain ordered nine UH-60Ms in 2007.^[110][111]

In December 2011, the Royal Brunei Air Force ordered twelve S-70i helicopters, which are similar to the UH-60M; four aircraft had been received by December 2013.^[112] In June 2012, the U.S. Defense Security Cooperation Agency notified Congress that Qatar requested the purchase of twelve UH-60Ms, engines, and associated equipment.^[113] The RBAF had earlier bought 4 UH-60, but these were later sold to Malaysia..^[114]

In May 2014, Croatian Defence Minister Ante Kotromanovi announced the beginning of negotiations for the purchase of 15 used Black Hawks.^[115] In October 2018, the US via Ambassador Robert Kohorst announced donation of two UH-60M helicopters with associated equipment and crew training to Croatia's Ministry of Defence, to be delivered in 2020.^[116] In October 2019, the US State Dept approved the sale of two new UH-60M Blackhawks.^[117][118] In February 2022, the first two helicopters were delivered to Croatia.^[119][120]

Tunisia requested 12 armed UH-60M helicopters in July 2014 through Foreign Military Sale.^[121] In August 2014, the U.S. ambassador stated that the U.S. "will soon make available" the UH-60Ms to Tunisia.^[122] The sale of 8 helicopters was approved and helicopters were delivered 2017 and 2018.^[123]

In January 2015, the Malaysian Defence Minister Hishammuddin Hussein confirmed that Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF) is receiving S-70A Blackhawks from the Brunei government. These helicopters, believed to be four in total, were expected to be transferred to Malaysia by September with M134D miniguns added. The four Blackhawks were delivered to Royal Brunei Air Force (RBAF) in 1999.^[124]

In 2018, Latvia requested to buy four UH-60M Black Hawks with associated equipment for an estimated cost of $200 million (~$239million in 2023). In August 2018, the State Department approved the possible Foreign Military Sale. The Defense Security Cooperation Agency delivered the required certification notifying Congress of the possible sale.^[125] In November 2018, Latvia ordered four UH-60Ms, and received the first two in December 2022.^[126]

In 2019, Lithuania announced plans to buy six UH-60M helicopters^[127] before ordering four UH-60Ms in 2020.^[128]In July 2020, the US State Department approved the possible Foreign Military Sale of six UH-60Ms and associated equipment to Lithuania for $380 million.^[129] In November 2020, Lithuania signed a contract worth $213 million for four UH-60Ms with an option to purchase two more aircraft.^[130][131]Preparations are almost complete including facilities and training, with deliveries expected in late 2024.^[132][133]

In 2019, Poland ordered four S-70i helicopters for its special forces.^[134] As of 2023 there is negotiations to purchase additional S-70i helicopters.^[135]

In August 2023, the Portuguese Air Force shared on twitter a photo of the first flight of 1 of the 6 UH-60 helicopters purchased from Arista Aviation Services.^[136] The Portuguese armed forces conducted its first operation flight of its UH-60 in December 2023.^[137]

In 2023, the Kosovo Air Force received four UH-60s that were donated by the Iowa National Guard.^{[citation needed]}

In December 2023, the Hellenic Army selected the UH-60Ms for a possible order of 35 aircraft and associated equipment for an estimated cost of $1.95 billion pending the deal clears Congress.^[138][139] This order was approved by US and Greek governments, and a contract for 35 helicopters agreed by April 2024.^[140][141] In Greek service it will replace aged Bell UH-1H and Agusta-Bell AB205.^[141] Greece already operates S-70B and MH-60R helicopters.^[142]

Future and potential users[edit]

In February 2013, the Indonesian Army announced its interest in buying UH-60 Black Hawks to modernize its weaponry. The army wants them for combating terrorism, transnational crime, and insurgency to secure the archipelago.^[143] In August 2023, Indonesian Aerospace and Lockheed Martin signed an agreement for the procurement of 24 UH-60/S-70 Blackhawks.^[144][145]

In 2022, the Royal Air Force and British Army expects to select a helicopter for the New Medium Helicopter program to replace several existing helicopters. Sikorsky has indicated it expects its S-70M to meet the requirement to participate in this procurement selection program.^[146]

Variants[edit]

The UH-60 comes in many variants and many different modifications. The U.S. Army variants can be fitted with stub wings to carry additional fuel tanks or weapons.^[10] Variants may have different capabilities and equipment to fulfil different roles.

Utility variants[edit]

• YUH-60A: Initial test and evaluation version for U.S. Army. First flight on 17 October 1974. Three were built.
• UH-60A Black Hawk: Original U.S. Army version, carrying a crew of four and up to 11 equipped troops.^{[147][verification needed]} Equipped with T700-GE-700 engines.^[148] Produced 19771989. U.S. Army is equipping UH-60As with more powerful T700-GE-701D engines and also upgrading A-models to UH-60L standards.^[149]
• UH-60C Black Hawk: Modified version for command and control (C2) missions.^[10][148]
• CH-60E: Proposed troop transport variant for the U.S. Marine Corps.^[150]
• UH-60L Black Hawk: UH-60A with upgraded T700-GE-701C engines, improved durability gearbox, and updated flight control system.^[10] Produced 19892007.^[151] UH-60Ls are also being equipped with the GE T700-GE-701D engine.^[149] The U.S. Army Corpus Christi Army Depot is upgrading UH-60A helicopters to the UH-60L configuration. In July 2018, Sierra Nevada Corporation proposed upgrading some converted UH-60L helicopters for the U.S. Air Force's UH-1N replacement program.^[152]
• UH-60M Black Hawk: Improved design wide chord rotor blades, T700-GE-701D engines (max 2,000shp or 1,500kW each), improved durability gearbox, Integrated Vehicle Health Management System (IVHMS) computer, and new glass cockpit. Production began in 2006.^[153] Planned to replace older U.S. Army UH-60s.^[154]
• UH-60M Upgrade Black Hawk: UH-60M with fly-by-wire system and Common Avionics Architecture System (CAAS) cockpit suite. Flight testing began in August 2008.^[155]
• UH-60V Black Hawk: Upgraded version of the UH-60L with the electronic displays (glass cockpit) of the UH-60M. Upgrades performed by Northrop Grumman featuring a centralized processor with a partitioned, modular operational flight program enabling capabilities to be added as software-only modifications.^[156]

Special purpose[edit]

• An example of a medical evacuation variant of the U/HH-60 Black Hawk

  EH-60A Black Hawk: UH-60A with modified electrical system and stations for two electronic systems mission operators. All examples of type have been converted back to standard UH-60A configuration.^[148]
• YEH-60B Black Hawk: UH-60A modified for special radar and avionics installations, prototype for stand-off target acquisition system.^[148]
• EH-60C Black Hawk: UH-60A modified with special electronics equipment and external antenna.^[148] (All examples of type have been taken back to standard UH-60A configuration.)
• EUH-60L (no official name assigned): UH-60L modified with additional mission electronic equipment for Army Airborne C2.^[148]
• EH-60L Black Hawk: EH-60A with major mission equipment upgrade.^[148]
• UH-60Q Black Hawk: UH-60A modified for medical evacuation.^[148][157] The UH-60Q is named DUSTOFF for "dedicated unhesitating service to our fighting forces".^[158]
• HH-60L (no official name assigned): UH-60L extensively modified with medical mission equipment.^[148] Components include an external rescue hoist, integrated patient configuration system, environmental control system, onboard oxygen system (OBOGS), and crash-worthy ambulatory seats.^[157]

• HH-60M Black Hawk: UH-60M with medical mission equipment (medevac version) for U.S. Army.^[148][159]
• HH-60U: USAF UH-60M version modified with an electro-optical sensor and rescue hoist. Three in use by Air Force pilots and special mission aviators since 2011. Has 85% commonality with the HH-60W.^[160]
• HH-60W Jolly Green II: Modified version of the UH-60M for the U.S. Air Force as a Combat Rescue Helicopter to replace HH-60G Pave Hawks with greater fuel capacity and more internal cabin space, dubbed the "60-Whiskey". Deliveries to the USAF of the HH-50W began in 2020.The 41st Rescue Squadron received the first two HH-60W helicopters on 5 November 2020.^[161][162]
• MH-60A Black Hawk: 30 UH-60As modified with additional avionics, night vision capable cockpit, FLIR, M134 door guns, internal auxiliary fuel tanks and other Special Operations mission equipment in early 1980s for U.S. Army.^[163][164] Equipped with T700-GE-701 engines.^[148] Variant was used by the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment. The MH-60As were replaced by MH-60Ls beginning in the early 1990s and passed to Army Aviation units in the Army National Guard.^[150][165]

• MH-60L Black Hawk: Special operations modification, used by the U.S. Army's 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment ("Night Stalkers"), based on the UH-60L with T700-701C engines. It was developed as an interim version in the late 1980s pending the fielding of the MH-60K specifically designed for the 160th SOAR(A).^[166] Equipped with many of the systems used on MH-60K, including FLIR, color weather map, auxiliary fuel system, and laser rangefinder/designator.^[166][167] A total of 37 MH-60Ls were built and some 10 had received an in-flight refueling probe by 2003.^[166]
• MH-60L DAP: The Direct Action Penetrator (DAP) is a special operations modification of the baseline MH-60L, operated by the U.S. Army's 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment.^[168] The DAP is configured as a gunship, with no troop-carrying capacity. The DAP is equipped with ESSS or ETS stub wings, each capable of carrying configurations of the M230 Chain Gun 30mm automatic cannon, 19-shot Hydra 70 rocket pod, AGM-114 Hellfire missiles, AIM-92 Stinger air-to-air missiles, GAU-19 gun pods, and M134 minigun pods,^[169] M134D miniguns are used as door guns.^[164]
• MH-60K Black Hawk: Special operations modification first ordered in 1988 for use by the U.S. Army's 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment ("Night Stalkers").^[150] Equipped with the in-flight refueling probe,^[170] and T700-GE-701C engines. More advanced than the MH-60L, the K-model also includes an integrated avionics system (glass cockpit), AN/APQ-174B terrain-following radar, color weather map, improved weapons capability, and various defensive systems.^[170][171]

• MH-60M Black Hawk: Special operations version of UH-60M for U.S. Army. Equipped with in-flight refueling probe, Rockwell Collins Common Avionics Architecture System (CAAS) glass cockpit, updated sensors and defensive systems such as the AN/APQ-187 Silent Knight terrain-following radar, and more powerful YT706-GE-700 engines.^[172][173] All special operations Black Hawks to be modernized to MH-60M standard by 2015. The MH-60M can be configured either as an assault helicopter carrying troops or as a DAP gunship.^[174]
• MH-60 Black Hawk stealth helicopter: One of two (known) specially modified MH-60s used in the raid on Osama bin Laden's compound in Pakistan on 1 May 2011 was damaged in a hard landing, and was subsequently destroyed by U.S. forces.^[175][176] Subsequent reports state that the Black Hawk destroyed was a previously unconfirmed but rumored, modification of the design with reduced noise signature and stealth technology.^[18][19] The modifications are said to add several hundred pounds to the base helicopter including edge alignment panels, special coatings and anti-radar treatments for the windshields.^[19]
• UH-60A RASCAL: NASA-modified version for the Rotorcraft-Aircrew Systems Concepts Airborne Laboratory; a US$25M program for the study of helicopter manoeuvrability in three programs, Superaugmented Controls for Agile Maneuvering Performance (SCAMP), Automated Nap-of-the-Earth (ANOE) and Rotorcraft Agility and Pilotage Improvement Demonstration (RAPID).^[177][178] The UH-60A RASCAL performed a fully autonomous flight on 5 November 2012. U.S. Army personnel were on board, but the flying was done by helicopter. During a two-hour flight, the Black Hawk featured terrain sensing, trajectory generation, threat avoidance, and autonomous flight control. It was fitted with a 3D-LZ laser detection and ranging (LADAR) system. The autonomous flight was performed between 200 and 400 feet. Upon landing, the onboard technology was able to pinpoint a safe landing zone, hover, and safely bring itself down.^[179]
• OPBH: On 11 March 2014, Sikorsky successfully conducted the first flight demonstration of their Optionally Piloted Black Hawk (OPBH), a milestone part of the company's Manned/Unmanned Resupply Aerial Lifter (MURAL) program to provide autonomous cargo delivery for the U.S. Army. The helicopter used the company's Matrix technology (software to improve features of autonomous, optionally-piloted VTOL aircraft) to perform autonomous hover and flight operations under the control of an operator using a man-portable Ground Control Station (GCS). The MURAL program is a cooperative effort between Sikorsky, the US Army Aviation Development Directorate (ADD), and the US Army Utility Helicopters Project Office (UH PO). The purpose of creating an optionally-manned Black Hawk is to make the aircraft autonomously carry out resupply missions and expeditionary operations while increasing sorties and maintaining crew rest requirements and leaving pilots to focus more on sensitive operations.^[180][181]
• VH-60D Night Hawk: VIP-configured HH-60D, used for presidential transport by USMC. T700-GE-401C engines.^[148] Variant was later redesignated VH-60N.^[182]

• VH-60N White Hawk "White Top": Modified UH-60A with some features from the SH-60B/F Seahawks.^[183] Is one of the VIP-configured USMC helicopter models that perform Presidential and VIP transport as Marine One. The VH-60N entered service in 1988 and nine helicopters were delivered.^[183]
• VH-60M Black Hawk "Gold Top": Heavily modified UH-60M used for executive transport. Members of the Joint Chiefs, Congressional leadership, and other DoD personnel are flown on these exclusively by Alpha company 12th Aviation Battalion at Fort Belvoir, Virginia.^{[citation needed]}

Export versions[edit]

• UH-60P Black Hawk: Version for South Korean Army, based on UH-60L with some improvements.^[150] Around 150 were produced under license by Korean Air.^[148][189]
• S-70A Black Hawk: Sikorsky's designation for Black Hawk. The designation is often used for exports.
  • S-70A-1 Desert Hawk: Export version for the Royal Saudi Land Forces.
  • S-70A-L1 Desert Hawk: Aeromedical evacuation version for the Royal Saudi Land Forces.
  • S-70A-5 Black Hawk: Export version for the Philippine Air Force.
  • S-70A-6 Black Hawk: Export version for Thailand.
  • S-70A-9 Black Hawk: Export version for Australia, assembled under licence by Hawker de Havilland. The first eight were delivered to the Royal Australian Air Force, subsequently transferred to the Australian Army; the remainder were delivered straight to the Army after rotary-wing assets were divested by the Air Force in 1989.^[190]
  • S-70A-11 Black Hawk: Export version for the Royal Jordanian Air Force.
  • S-70A-12 Black Hawk: Search and rescue model for the Japanese Air Self Defense Force and Maritime Self Defense Force. Also known as the UH-60J.
  • S-70A-14 Black Hawk: Export version for Brunei.
  • S-70A-16 Black Hawk: Engine test bed for the Rolls-Royce/Turbomeca RTM 332.
  • S-70A-17 Black Hawk: Export version for Turkey.
  • S-70A-18 Black Hawk: UH-60P and HH-60P for Republic of Korea Armed Forces built under license.^[191]
  • Sikorsky/Westland S-70-19 Black Hawk: This version is built under license in the United Kingdom by Westland. Also known as the WS-70.^{[citation needed]}
  • S-70A-20 Black Hawk: VIP transport version for Thailand.
  • S-70A-21 Black Hawk: Export version for Egypt.
  • S-70A-22 Black Hawk: VH-60P for South Korea built under license. Used for VIP transport by the Republic of Korea Air Force. Its fuselage is tipped with white to distinguish it from normal HH-60P.^[192]
  • S-70A-24 Black Hawk: Export version for Mexico.
  • S-70A-26 Black Hawk: Export version for Morocco.
  • S-70A-27 Black Hawk: Export version for Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Air Force and Hong Kong Government Flying Service; three built.^[193][194]
  • S-70A-28D Black Hawk: Export version for Turkish Army.^[195]
  • S-70A-30 Black Hawk: Export version for Argentine Air Force, used as a VIP transport helicopter by the Presidential fleet; one built.^[196]
  • S-70A-33 Black Hawk: Export version for Royal Brunei Air Force.
  • S-70A-39 Black Hawk: VIP transport version for Chile; one built.
  • S-70A-42 Black Hawk: Export version for Austria.
  • S-70A-43 Black Hawk: Export version for Royal Thai Army.
  • S-70A-50 Black Hawk: Export version for Israel; 15 built.
  • S-70C-2 Black Hawk: Export version for the People's Republic of China; 24 built.^[49]
• S-70i Black Hawk: International military version assembled by Sikorsky's subsidiary, PZL Mielec in Poland.^[197]
• S-70M Black Hawk: Modified military version assembled by Sikorsky's subsidiary, PZL Mielec in Poland from 2021.^[198]

See: Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk, Sikorsky HH-60 Pave Hawk, Piasecki X-49, and Sikorsky HH-60 Jayhawk for other Sikorsky S-70 variants.

Operators[edit]

See SH-60 Seahawk, HH-60 Pave Hawk, and HH-60 Jayhawk for operators of military H-60/S-70 variants; see Sikorsky S-70 for non-military operators of other H-60/S-70 family helicopters.

Afghanistan

Albania

Australia

Austria

Bahrain

Brazil

Brunei

Chile

People's Republic of China

Colombia

Croatia

Egypt

Greece

Indonesia

Israel

Japan

Jordan

Latvia

Lithuania

Malaysia

Mexico

Morocco

Philippines

Poland

Portugal

Saudi Arabia

Republic of Korea

Slovakia

Sweden

Taiwan (Republic of China)

Thailand

Tunisia

Turkey

United Arab Emirates

Ukraine

United States

Former operators[edit]

British Hong Kong

Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

Accidents[edit]

• From 1981 to 1987, five Black Hawks crashed (killing or injuring all on board) while flying near radio broadcast towers because their electromagnetic emissions disrupted the helicopters' flight control systems. The Black Hawk helicopters were not hardened against high-intensity radiated fields, contrary to the SH-60 Seahawk Navy version. The pilots were instructed to fly away from emitters, and, in the long term, shielding was increased and backup systems were installed.^[228]
• On 29 July 1992, one Australian Army Black Hawk collided into terrain near Oakey Army Aviation Centre. Killing two occupants.^[229]
• On 3 March 1994, a UH-60 helicopter of the 15th Fighter Wing, Republic of Korea Air Force (ROKAF) exploded above Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, killing all of the six personnel on board, including General Cho Kun-hae, then Chief of the Air Staff of South Korea.^[230]
• On 14 April 1994, two U.S. Army UH-60 Black Hawks in northern Iraq were shot down by mistake by U.S. Air Force F-15s patrolling the northern no-fly zone that had been imposed after the 1991 Gulf War. Twenty-six crew and passengers were killed.^[231]
• On 12 June 1996, two Australian Army Black Hawks collided during an Army night-time special forces counter-terrorism exercise resulting in the death of eighteen soldiers - fifteen members of the SASR and three from the 5th Aviation Regiment.^{[232][233][234]}
• on 12 February 2001, two Black Hawk Helicopters from Schofield Barracks, Hawaii collided during NVG formation flight training, causing loss of both aircraft, six deaths and 11 injured Soldiers. [5]
• On 12 February 2004, one Australian Army Black Hawk collided into terrain in the vicinity of Mount Walker, Queensland following contact between the tail rotor and a tree. The airframe was written off however there were no deaths - six out of the eight occupants received injuries.^[235][236]

  

• On 26 September 2004, a U.S. Army Black Hawk crashed taking off from Tallill Airbase (Nasiriyah Airport), Iraq. The crew of four was rescued.^[237]
• On 29 November 2006, one Australian Army Black Hawk crashed into and subsequently slid off the deck of HMAS Kanimbla sinking into deep waters off the coast of Fiji whilst conducting a training flight. The sinking resulted in the deaths of two soldiers - one pilot from the 5th Aviation Regiment, and one trooper from the SASR.^[238][239]
• On 10 March 2015, a UH-60 from Eglin Air Force Base crashed off the coast of the Florida Panhandle near the base. All eleven on board were killed.^[240]
• On 16 February 2018, UH-60M helicopter deployed by the Mexican Air Force to Oaxaca after an earthquake, crashed into a group of people while attempting to land.^[241][242]
• On 2 January 2020, a UH-60M helicopter of the Republic of China Air Force (ROCAF) in Taiwan, crashed on a mountainside, killing eight people on board, including General Shen Yi-ming, chief of the general staff of Republic of China's armed forces.^[243]
• On 23 June 2021, a Philippine Air Force S-70i crashed in Capas town in Tarlac during a night flight training, killing all 6 crew members. The unit was newly delivered in November of the previous year or only almost 8 months old.^[244]
• On 22 February 2022, two Utah National Guard Black Hawk helicopters crashed at the Snowbird, Utah ski resort during a training exercise. One Black Hawk was overcome by whiteout conditions caused by the downdraft in the snow, and crashed, causing parts of the rotor blades to strike the other helicopter, forcing a hard landing. There were no major injuries to the crew or skiers.^[245]
• On July 16, 2022, one Mexican Navy Black Hawk crashed at Sinaloa, killing 14 marines on board.^[246]
• In September 2022, a Black Hawk operated by the Taliban crashed during a training exercise in Kabul, killing three.^[247]
• On February 15, 2023, a Black Hawk crashed killing two members of the Tennessee National Guard in Huntsville, Alabama.^[248]
• On 29 March 2023, two US Army Black Hawk medical helicopters crashed during a training mission over Kentucky. All nine soldiers aboard were killed. The cause of the crash is under investigation.^[249][250]
• On 10 November 2023, a US Army Black Hawk crashed off the coast of Cyprus in the Mediterranenan Sea. All 5 soldiers aboard were killed.^[251]

Specifications (UH-60M)[edit]

Data from Encyclopedia of Modern Warplanes,^[252] International Directory,^[253] Tomajczyk,^[254] U.S. Army,^[255] Lockheed-Martin brochure^[256] General Electric T700-GE-701D Brochure^[257]

General characteristics

• Crew: 2 pilots + 2 crew chiefs/gunners
• Capacity: 3,190lb (1,450kg) of cargo internally, including 11 seated troops or 6 stretchers, or 9,000lb (4,100kg) of cargo externally
• Length: 64ft 10in (19.76m) including rotors
• Fuselage length: 50ft 1in (15.27m)
• Width: 7ft 9in (2.36m)
• Height: 16ft 10in (5.13m)
• Empty weight: 12,511^[256]lb (5,675kg)
• Max takeoff weight: 22,000^[256]lb (9,979kg)
• Powerplant: 2 General Electric T700-GE-701C/D turboshaft engines, 1,994shp (1,487kW) each
• Main rotor diameter: 53ft 8in (16.36m)
• Main rotor area: 2,260sqft (210m²) * Blade section: root: Sikorsky SC2110; tip: Sikorsky SSC-A09^[256]

Performance

• Maximum speed: 159kn (183mph, 294km/h)
• Cruise speed: 152kn (175mph, 282km/h) maximum range at 18,000 lb^{[citation needed]}
• Never exceed speed: 193kn (222mph, 357km/h)
• Combat range: 320nmi (370mi, 590km)
• Ferry range: 1,199nmi (1,380mi, 2,221km) with ESSS stub wings and external tanks^[254]
• Service ceiling: 19,000ft (5,800m)
• Rate of climb: 1,646ft/min (8.36m/s)
• Disk loading: 7.19lb/sqft (35.1kg/m²)
• Power/mass: 0.192shp/lb (0.316kW/kg)

Armament

• Guns:
• Hardpoints: 4, 2 per ESSS stub wings , with provisions to carry combinations of:
  • Rockets: 70 mm (2.75 in) Hydra 70 unguided rockets in either a 7 tube (M260) or 19 tube (M261) pod.^[254]
  • Missiles: Up to 4x AGM-114 Hellfire laser guided air-to-ground missiles or 2x AIM-92 Stinger heat seeking air-to-air missiles per hardpoint. The Hellfire launcher rails can also be equipped with M260 (7 tube) Hydra pods.^[169][254]
  • Other: 7.62 mm (0.30 in), 12.7 mm (0.50 in), 20 mm (0.787 in), or 30 mm (1.18 in) M230 gun pods^[254]
• Bombs: Can be equipped with VOLCANO minefield dispersal system.^[254] See UH-60 Armament Subsystems for more information.

See also[edit]

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References[edit]

1. ^ According to an Army Times article, "During the 1990s U.S. Special Operations Command worked with the Lockheed Martin Skunk Works division, which also designed the F-117, to refine the radar-evading technology and apply it to the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment's MH-60s," [a retired special operations aviator] said. USSOCOM awarded a contract to Boeing to modify several MH-60s to the low-observable design "in the '99 to 2000 timeframe," he also said.

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Bibliography[edit]

• Bishop, Chris. Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk. Oxford, UK: Osprey, 2008. ISBN978-1-84176-852-6.
• Leoni, Ray D. Black Hawk, The Story of a World Class Helicopter. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2007. ISBN978-1-56347-918-2.
• Tomajczyk, Stephen F. Black Hawk. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI, 2003. ISBN0-7603-1591-4.

External links[edit]